Springer, Cham. In: Scarpa R, Tilling RI (eds) Monitoring and mitigation of volcanic hazards. These methods typically fall under four aspects of emergency management: Mitigation (Reduction), Preparedness, Response and Recovery (UNISDR 2009). 2007). An English version of the map is available in addition to the original in Japanese. please contact the Rights and The event-specific hazard maps are generally shared around the various media outlets (e.g., television, radio, newspapers, Facebook, Twitter) to inform the public of the updated hazard, as well as through the usual means of communication. deposits leads to increased runoff, accelerated erosion, stream-channel Initial assessments suggested that ballistics were the main hazard to life from the eruption, though detailed mapping was not able to be carried out until months later when risk levels had decreased (Fitzgerald et al. from multiple vents). 2013; Breard et al. An updated risk management framework has been developed from 2012 to 2016 including updated bulletins and VALs, background and safety (crisis) hazard maps, and tourist information including education and safety map information. Effort should also be made to provide consistent advice at all volcanoes on the actions to be taken, depending on the volcanic hazards involved. J Volcanol Geoth Res 286:208232, Lindell MK (2013) Risk perception and communication. The atmospheric trajectories of pyroclasts. 2012; Wardman et al. and walls, designing filters for machinery, wearing respirators or wet Impacts from projectiles are amongst the most frequent causes of fatal volcanic incidents and the cause of hundreds of thousands of dollars of damage to buildings, infrastructure and property worldwide. tourism providers and those living near or on the volcano) (Cronin et al. Prior to the eruption, Gifu and Nagano prefectures had separate commissions to manage volcanic activity from Mt. To learn more aboutashandtephra, visit theVolcano Hazards Program tephra webpage. J Volcanol Geoth Res 286:248262, Fudali R, Melson W (1972) Ejecta velocities, magma chamber pressure and kinetic energy associated with the 1968 eruption of Arenal volcano. Yasur Volcano is a frequently erupting basaltic scoria cone located on Tanna Island, Vanuatu (Cronin and Sharp 2002). In a volcanic crisis (when the volcano is showing signs of unrest or is in eruption) communication and emergency management processes and products move toward response (Fig. Building vulnerability to ballistic impact has been assessed by Jenkins et al. Kakcteji vkljceteks grk ei tbk rgidk jn 4;f/s tj 38=, f/s. Glacier melting produced by a ballistic missile is a function of the potential and kinetic energy involved from the moment of ejection of the projectile at the crater, until its impact on the glacier (see Delgado-Granados et al., 2007). ; okd, gltbjudb tbkrk grk, cgsks wbkrk et es ljwkr tbgi tbes. 2008). Hljc`s grk kakctko gs sjleo. Access Montserrat for an on-going hazards mitigation drama. Ballistic projectiles. restriction zones are emplaced). Ejection velocities are in the range of 75m/s to 320 m/s. Yasur is one of Vanuatus main tourist attractions with some twenty thousand people visiting the crater rim each year. Fortunately, the eruption occurred at night, in winter (the low season) and in bad weather, resulting in no hikers along the TAC or staying at Ketetahi Hut (both around 1.5km away from the vent and well within the impacted area). 2013; Fitzgerald et al. b Signs advising area of increased hazard including a track-specific AVHZ hazard map. Consider a point particle of mass mmm that is accelerated due to the action of the gravitational pull only, and that is moving near Earth's surface. GNS Science Report 2012/09, 90p, Williams KL, Keys HJR (2013) Reducing volcanic risk on the Tongariro Alpine Crossing. Many visitors to the TAC still assume that they do not need to be concerned because they expect the area to be closed if it is unsafe or to be advised it was unsafe (Keys 2015). The objectives of such meetings are to update communities on the evolving eruptive hazards, build relationships and trust, reduce any miscommunication or misinformation passed along, and to make sure the information being presented is what the end-members need (Barclay et al. 2014b, Fig. by (1) the force of impact of falling fragments, but this occurs only Natural Disaster Research Report 16, 41p, Odbert H, Hincks T, Aspinall W (2015) Combining volcano monitoring timeseries analysis with Bayesian Belief Networks to update hazard forecast estimates. Effective communication is essential in managing ballistic hazard and risk (Barclay et al. Work is underway to develop ballistic and life safety models to better inform zone radius. Tephra falls, pyroclastic flows and pyroclastic surges, ballistic projectiles, and lava flows occur only during eruptions. Instead ballistics are typically included in all-hazard or multi-hazard maps (Fig. Another frequently active volcano in which ballistics are a major hazard is Sakurajima Volcano, Japan. 2012; Gurioli et al. tephra fall or ashfall and ballistic projectiles Tephra (fragmented volcanic particles) or ash (fragmented volcanic particles less than 2 mm in diameter) propelled through the atmosphere in an eruption plume or an eruption column eventually fall or gravitationally settle over areas downwind of an erupting volcano, forming blankets of tephra . http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/09/27/national/familiesontakevictimsmarkfirstanniversarydeadlyeruption/#.VxRfHDB942w. Influences the distribution of tephra falling out of the eruption cloud. Debris avalanches, lahars, and floods commonly accompany eruptions, but can also occur during dormant periods. Please check the 'Copyright Information' section either on this page or in the PDF maximum travel distance, spatial density of impacts) and no advice accompanies the hazard map, though a residents handbook was printed that included examples of what ballistics are and how far they can travel. Text is provided, with instructions including to move quickly down off the mountain and away from summit hazard areas, though ballistics-specific advice was not provided (GNS Science 2007). J Volcanol Geoth Res 286:397414, Paton D, Millar M, Johnston DM (2001) Community resilience to volcanic hazard consequences. gases in 1986 at Lake Nyos, in Cameroon, West Africa. http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0001671312. d. empty(). (1999). Similarly, the public, stakeholders, and decision-makers should communicate to scientists what type of information they need to make decisions relevant to their situations. 2010; Houghton et al. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Volcanic ballistics are fragments of lava and rock - ranging in size from a few centimetres to tens of metres in diameter - expelled by explosive eruptions at temperatures reaching over 1000 C. mitigation of tephra falls and ballistic projectiles - stay away from ballistic projectiles - design a strong shelter - covering windows. All end-user maps should successfully balance adequate detail and maximum clarity. 2008). close to an eruption, (2) loss of agricultural lands if burial is 2014; Fig. What would anexplosive eruptionfrom Mount St. Helens look like today? Recent eruptions of Ontake in 2014 and Kusatsu-Shirane in 2018 showed that un-reinforced, timber-framed buildings - those typically considered highly vulnerable to the dangerous penetration of ballistics - provided life-saving shelter from ballistic impact. Accessed Jul 21 2015, NIED (1980) Field report of the disaster from Ontake 1979 eruption. Thus, though an end-product of a risk map is produced, the process itself is not documented. They also need to be focussed on the range of scenarios presenting the risk in that crisis (e.g. Geophys J Int 113:359370, Fitzgerald RH, Tsunematsu K, Kennedy BM, Breard ECP, Lube G, Wilson TM, Jolly AD, Pawson J, Rosenberg MD, Cronin SJ (2014) The application of a calibrated 3D ballistic trajectory model to ballistic hazard assessments at Upper Te Maari, Tongariro. Kiso, a town in the Nagano Prefecture responsible for one of the mountain trails, has also installed loudspeakers in the mountain cabins prior to easing restrictions in September 2015 (The Japan Times 27/09/2015). 2008; Swanson et al. Secondly, signs instructing people on the distance and direction to the nearest eruption safe house and evacuation port have been posted around the volcano. It refers to volcanic rock and lava materials that are ejected into the air by explosions or carried upward by erruption column's hot gases or lava fountains. While the extent of theseashlayers is widespread, minor eruptions of ash from any Cascade Range volcano can cause serious societal disruptions. These blocks and bombs travel like cannonballs and usually land within 2km of the vent (but can travel as far as 5km, or even further, if the eruption is very explosive.) We identify the following critical issues for contemporary and future communication of volcanic ballistic risk, based on our review of literature and analysis of the four case study volcanoes. In addition, visitors to Yasur are warned by a sign to Think Safety before ascending the crater rim, though no further instructions or information is provided. ^kry neik-drgeiko nrgdfkits (< 8 ff), dkikrglly ojfeigtko hy hrj`ki dlgss. The council ran its first eruption evacuation drill on 4th June 2015. It refers to volcanic rock and lava materials that are ejected into the air by explosions or carried upward by eruption column's hot gases. the building of ballistic shelters capable of withstanding ballistic impacts or the reinforcement of existing structures to specific building standards, and the choice of location for hiking trails, viewing platforms or other visitor facilities; the creation of well distributed hazard maps with instructional text with what to do or where to go in an event of an eruption; and engagement with the local communities including exercises and evaluation (Fig. 2008; Bertolaso et al. Effective communication is an essential component of this. Ontake risks reported in 1979. http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0001673442. 2014). Pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) and lava flows are not included in a hazard zone but are mentioned as a possibility in all valleys. Search and Rescue teams were deployed to rescue the injured hikers and those that sheltered in the buildings at the summit, and to recover the dead. Ballistic communication strategies will also vary with eruption frequency, the risk context (quiescence or crisis; Fig. Geotimes, American Geological Institute. Potential hazards posed by U.S. volcanoes include tephra falls, pyroclastic flows and surges, VOG, ballistic projectiles, lahar and lava flows. What are the most appropriate risk management and communication strategies for volcanoes where ballistic (and other) risk is present which have poorly understood eruptive histories and/or monitoring systems? Knowledge and understanding of volcanic hazards allows individuals to better decide whether to undertake preparedness and response measures, and if so, which are required, thus reducing their vulnerability to the hazard(s) (Siegrist and Cvetkovich 2000; Paton et al. Follow a projectile path as these are forced out of the vent at steep angles like a cannon ball. It is a special kind of tephra that produces bombs and blocks. for details of this license and what re-use is permitted. 2014). Accessed 19 Oct 2015, Kaneko T, Maeno F, Nakada S (2016) 2014 Mount Ontake eruption: characteristics of the phreatic eruption as inferred from aerial observations. Pumice ; Wind direction. The Communication and Risk Management of Volcanic Ballistic Hazards. In: Zschau J, Kuppers AN (eds) Early warning systems for natural disaster reduction. 2010). 2014a). A Volcano Disaster Prevention Council was created as a means of communication to discuss disaster prevention measures between volcanologists, local government, JMA, and other invested agencies (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/svd/vois/data/fukuoka/506_Sakurajima/506_bousai.html). Meetings and other discussions were held with the local residents and businesses involved with the TAC to discuss the situation and future scenarios. The 27 September 2014 phreatic eruption occurred at lunchtime on a busy autumn day when ~340 hikers were on the mountain (Tsunematsu et al. On the distribution of volcanic ejecta (Part I. J Volcanol Geoth Res 3:3660, Neal CA, McGimsey RG, Miller TP, Riehle JR, Waythomas CF (2001) Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Aniakchak Volcano, Alaska. burl eitj tbk ger. Meetings should be sufficiently regular to update residents when the status of a volcano is changing and to remind them when necessary of the hazards and risks. The vast majority of people are guided up the volcano by local guides to watch the eruptions occur, with a main viewing area only 150m from the craters inner rim. J Volcanol Geoth Res 276:105120, Johnston DM, Bebbington MS, Lai CD, Houghton BF, Paton D (1999) Volcanic hazard perceptions: comparative shifts in knowledge and risk. In addition, preparedness communication measures also include Volcanic Alert Levels, in place since 2008 (Japan Meteorological Agency 2013a). 2008, 2014). Springer, Netherlands, pp 110112, Sparks RSJ, Aspinall WP, Crosweller HS, Hincks TK (2013) Risk and uncertainty assessment of volcanic hazards. Ogidkrs jn _kpbrg Nglls gio Hgllestec ]rjakctelks, gio hgllestec prjakctelks kiogidkr lenk gio prjpkrty hy1. 2007; Thompson et al. and great mobility. In contrast, thick, coarse-grained Most tephra falls back onto the slopes of the volcano, enlarging it. Ballistic projectiles are rocks that an erupting volcano may hurl into the air. 2012; Maeno et al. Public availability may include being posted on signs around the volcanoes entrance(s), in a pamphlet or similar printed media at tourist facilities (e.g. Springer, Berlin, pp 1926, Ui T (2015) The difficulty of predicting volcanic eruptions and releasing information. This study, however, focussed only on the vulnerability of the built environment and did not include an overall assessment of hazard or risk. The high kinetic and thermal energy of ballistics can puncture, dent, melt, burn and knock down structures and their associated systems, such as power supply and telecommunication masts; crater roads; and crush and potentially ignite crops (Booth 1979; Calvari et al. eicrkgsk eineltrgteji cgpgcety gio ksskiteglly klefeigtk surngck ruijnn. 2007). Detailed descriptions and maps of ballistic impact distributions are rare, but those published may contain some of the following data: maximum ballistic travel distances (Steinberg and Lorenz 1983; Robertson et al. Department of Science and Technology, University College London, London, UK, Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavk, Iceland, Department of Geography and Planning, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia, UCL Hazard Centre, Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, London, UK. http://info.geonet.org.nz/download/attachments/8585571/Tongariro_Poster_A4.pdf. Blocks from basement material may exceed 3.0. 1c, e), infrastructure, property and the surrounding environment (Fig. 2016; Oikawa et al. Et es g syijiyf njr, vjlcgiec rjc` gio lgvg fgtkregls tbgt grk kakctko eitj tbk ger hy kxpljsejis jr cgrreko. Interviews conducted post-eruption showed that many climbers were unaware of the volcanic activity notices released, while of those that were aware 76% did not consider that they needed to be prepared for an eruption (The Japan News 26/10/2014; Shinano Mainichi Shimbun 2015). 2006; Alatorre-Ibargengoitia et al. Communication and risk management methods vary with changing eruptive states. Once complete, risk can be evaluated and appropriate management and communication strategies implemented. An official website of the United States government. Ballistics at these constantly erupting volcanoes provide tangible hazards that the community can both relate to and provide valuable observational data on. It is a synonym for "pyroclastic material." Tephra ranges in size from ash (2 mm) to lapilli (2-64 mm) to blocks and bombs (>64 mm). Accessed 15 June 2016, Fagents S, Wilson L (1993) Explosive volcanic eruptionsVII. 2014). What is the particle's speed at t0t_0t0? (>) Gerhjrik gsb cgi rkouck vesehelety tj zkrj gio turi ogy tj iedbt hy hljc`eid suiledbt. Boulder, p. 13, Minakami T (1942) 5. Studies of these deposits reveal that we should anticipate potential hazards from some phenomena that only occur during eruptions and from others that may occur without eruptive activity. Ballistic hazard assessments determine the likelihood of ballistic-producing eruptions and the areas that may be impacted (Thouret et al. This map was distributed to local citizens and posted around the volcano. In collaboration with researchers from the USGS Volcano Hazards Program, the Hazards . Ontake. National Catalogue of the active volcanoes in Japan (4th edn). travel distance, density of impacts in an area, size and or energy of expected ballistics in given scenarios). Maps are generally event-specific and only used over a short time-frame, reverting back to the original background hazard maps once the crisis period is over (Leonard et al. In addition to the strategies mentioned in this chapter, further work is needed to test and update the advice provided to visitors on the actions to take in a ballistic eruption, in particular personal protective measures. It is also mentioned that recent ballistic distributions have not travelled further than several hundred metres from vent. At what radius, in nm\mathrm{nm}nm, would the electron orbiting the proton in a hydrogen atom emit light with a wavelength of 600nm600 \mathrm{~nm}600nm ? It is also therefore important for scientists and emergency managers to be honest about what is/is not known to maintain credibility and trust (Lindell 2013). e A Volcanic Alert Bulletin issued on the GeoNet website and distributed to media following the 2012 Upper Te Maari eruption. Tephra. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. deposits closed to the source can increase infiltration capacity and 1a, b). However, the report may not have been suitable or communicated well to the local municipalities responsible for disaster management as these recommendations were not adopted prior to the 2014 eruption, indicating the need for communication to ensure the information is relevant, understood and acted upon (Barclay et al. Ontake, in an effort to improve knowledge of the number and location of people on the mountain, and to improve communication in times of crisis by recording their emergency contact information (http://www.pref.gifu.lg.jp/English/tourism/mountain/). 2015). Tephra falls, pyroclastic flows and pyroclastic surges, ballistic projectiles, and lava flows occur only during eruptions. Geol Soc, London, Spec Publ 305(1):163177, Baxter P, Gresham A (1997) Deaths and injuries in the eruption of Galeras Volcano, Colombia, 14 January 1993. Any evacuation warning prior to an event would need to occur at least an hour before the event and be immediately transmitted to all hikers on the summit area as it takes over an hour for hikers to move out of the ballistic hazard zone. The May 18, 1980 tephraplumelasted for about eight hours and the plume top ranged from 1418 km (8.511 mi) high. These blocks and bombs travel like cannon balls and usually land within 2km of the vent (but can travel as far as 5km, or even further, if the eruption is very explosive.) Even thin (<2 cm) falls of ash can damage critical facilities (e.g., hospitals, electric-generating plants, and pumping stations); can short circuit electric . Fuji on past ballistic distributions from phreatic and magmatic eruptions in Japan and around the world (Mount Fuji Disaster Prevention Council 2004). This was distributed to the media (print, television, web and radio) to inform a wider audience (Leonard et al. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Even many months later, people in three states were dealing with the ash that had been resuspended by the wind and human activity. Additionally, education material such as pamphlets and hazard maps on volcanic hazards should not only be available at tourism businesses but mechanisms should be in place that ensure that the hazard information is relayed to these transient populations. Later, the cordon was moved to Emerald Lakes (on the edge of the 3km Volcanic Hazard Zone) as the track was partially reopened. Unrest was observed at the volcano up to three weeks before the eruption, initially in the form of increased seismicity and then increased magmatic gas content (Jolly et al. Fallingash, even in low concentrations, can disrupt human activities hundreds of miles downwind, and drifting clouds of fine ash can endanger jet aircraft thousands of miles away. 5e). Meetings and consultations with local communities, emergency managers and other stakeholders should also occur during and following volcanic crises. Westerly winds dominate in the Pacific Northwest sending volcanicasheast and northeastward about 80percent of the time, though ash can blow in any direction. 2001; Twigg 2002; Gregg et al. The asymmetric vent area has also been increased significantly, encompassing 3km in length and ~2km in width. Hazard and risk assessments are useful starting points for all communication and management strategies as the nature, extent and consequences of the hazard need to be understood prior to any decisions being made. These volcanoes have been chosen for their variation in: frequency of eruption (Sakurajima and Yasur frequently erupt, while Upper Te Maari and Mt. Communication of ballistic hazards and risk management vary at frequently erupting volcanoes that commonly enter in and out of crisis, such as Sakurajima in Japan. Nat Hazards 24:157169, Paton D, Smith L, Daly M, Johnston D (2008) Risk perception and volcanic hazard mitigation: individual and social perspectives. Stromboli, and Yasur) have frequent ballistic-producing eruptions that provide an attraction to tourists and employment for the local community. In this scenario volcanic alert levels and bulletins may not be released prior to eruption. http://www.geohazards.gov.vu/index.php/hazards-updated-events/volcano-alert-status. The scope and scale of risk management activities should be guided by the risk context, and determine which and how risk management tools and strategies are used. Hazard extent was considered for ballistics and PDCs for each scenario, exposure time along the impacted area, and the vulnerability (probability of fatality) of an individual to each hazard (using the area of hazard around an individual impact for ballistics, and the presence of a person in the path of a PDC), to calculate the combined risk of fatality for all scenarios (Jolly et al. Volcanologists also refer to airborne fragments as pyroclasts.Once clasts have fallen to the ground, they remain as tephra unless hot enough to fuse into pyroclastic rock or tuff. Within this two-month period an updated hazard and risk assessment was completed (Jolly et al. (<2mm) Coarser lapilli. Transparency builds trust and credibility. Lastly, concrete roofed shelters have been built around the island to protect visitors from falling ballistics (Erfurt-Cooper 2010). 2014b). a Electronic signs communicating risk level and track closure at entrances to the volcano and where it crosses the AVHZ. Shaded areas indicate where tephra layers remain from associated very large eruptions. Mt. ): the distributions of volcanic bombs ejected by the recent explosions of Asama. When isopleths of particle size are included these rarely contain individual measurements and may be severely limited by the availability of only specific mapped locations (e.g., Kilgour et al. The map was released to the public alongside a Volcanic Alert Bulletin describing the changes made to the map and the source of the data (Volcanic Alert Bulletin TON-2012/23). 2012), number of ballistic impacts per unit area (Gurioli et al. Geology 41(5):559562, Hadisantono RD, Andreastuti MCHSD, Abdurachman EK, Sayudi DS, Nursusanto I, Martono A, Sumpena AD, Muzani M (2002) Peta Kawasan Rawan Bencana Gung Api Merapi, Jawa Tengah dan Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta scale 1:50 000 Direktorat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi, Bandung, Harris AJL, Ripepe M, Hughes EA (2012) Detailed analysis of particle launch velocities, size distributions and gas densities during normal explosions at Stromboli. and several of the most notorious volcanoes have been designated as should be on the Decade Volcano list. Many more people have been injured as a result of ballistic impacts, frequently suffering from blunt force trauma (broken bones), lacerations, burns, abrasions and bruising (Blong 1984; Baxter and Gresham 1997). 2013; Kaneko et al. Deadly effects include asphyxiation, burial, Google Scholar, Alatorre-Ibargengoitia MA, Morales-Iglesias H, Ramos-Hernndez SG, Jon-Selvas J, Jimnez-Aguilar JM (2016) Hazard zoning for volcanic ballistic impacts at El Chichn Volcano (Mexico).